68 courses in the 1968–69 Undergraduate Calendar, read from the scanned original. The text comes from OCR, so check the scanned page before relying on a detail.
T.A. Bruzustowski, B.A.Sc. {Toronto}, A.M., Ph.D. (Princeton) Professor
Chairman of the Department
S.A. Alpay, Dipl. Ing., Dr. Ing. (Berlin) Professor
G.T. Csanady, Dipl. Ing. (Munich), Ph.D. (New South Wales) Professor
H.L. Evans, M.Sc. (Wales), D.I.C., Ph.D. (London) Professor M.J. Hillier, B.Sc. (Eng.}, B.Sc. (Gen.} {London}, DI.C., M.S. (Eng.} (London)
Professor
E.L. Holmes, B.Sc. (Bristol) M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Professor
Associate Dean of the Faculty of Engineering
G.F. Pearce, B.A.Sc. (British Columbia), M.A.Sc. {Toronto} Professor
Associate Chairman of the Department
E. Brundrett, B.S.A. (Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph), Associate Professor
B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto} D.J. Burns, B.S., Ph.D. (Bristol) Associate Professor D.C. Ferguson, B.A.Sc. (Aevo Eng. Toronto) Associate Professor
C.E. Hermance, B.E. ( Yale}, M.A., M.S.E., Ph.D. {Princeton) — Associate Professor J.H.G. Howard, B.Sc. (Queen’s), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birmingham) Associate Professor
W.B. Nicoll, S.M. (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.)}, Associate Professor Engineer (Stanford) Ph.D. (London)
K.R. Piekarski, Dipl. Ing. (London) Associate Professor A. Plumtree, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Nottingham) Associate Professor R.F. Scrutton, B.Sc., M.Sc. {Melbourne} Associate Professor D.M.R. Taplin, 4.C.T. (Hons.}, B.Sc. (Aston) D. Phil. (Oxford) Associate Professor G.M. Bragg, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), Ph.D. {Cambridge} Assistant Professor
R.N. Dubey, B.Sc. (Hons.} (Patna), B.Sc. (Eng.) (Bihar) Ph.D. (Waterloo) Assistant Professor
A.M. Hale, B.Sc., M.A. {New Brunswick), B.A.Sc. {Toronto}, M.A.Sc. (Waterloo) Assistant Professor
H.W. Kerr, B.A.Se., Ph.D. (Toronto) Assistant Professor T.A. Ledwell, B.Eng., M.Eng. (Nova Scotia) Assistant Professor P. Niessen, B.Sc. (McMaster), M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Assistant Professor
T.M.L. Wigley, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons. Math &Phys.) Ph.D. {Adelaide} Assistant Professor
C.J. Beingessner, B.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Assistant Professor (half-time)
K.G. Adams, B.Sc. (Queen's), M.A.Sc. (Waterloo) Lecturer T. Kowalski, B.Sc. (Glasgow), M.S. (Stevens Institute) Lecturer W.K. Luk, D.C. (Imperial College, London), {Dip!. of Hong Kong Tech. College} Lecturer R.J. Pick, B.A. Se. (British Columbia), M.S. (Imperial College London) Lecturer J.A. Newman, B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. (Waterloo), M.S.E. (Princeton) Lecturer V.K. Rao, B.E. (Mysore), AL1.Sc., M.S. (Cornell) Lecturer A.B. Strong, B.A.Sc. (Waterloo), M.Sc. (Imperial College, London) Lecturer
A.B. Thornton-Trump, B.A.Sc. (British Columbia), M.A.Sc. (Waterloo) Lecturer
Undergraduate Programmes
Details of the undergraduate programme in Mechanical Engineering are to be found on page 72. All courses extend over one term only, and consist of 3 hours of lectures
Department of Mechanical Engineering
per week unless otherwise specified. The hours of the core courses are listed on page 75 . The only prerequisites are the core courses, unless otherwise specified.
Undergraduate Course Descriptions
A basic course in kinematics emphasizing the creative approach. Uniform rotary motion including rolling cylinders, gears and the synthesis of gear trains including planetaries. Non-uniform motion including cams, gears and linkages. Programming non-uniform motion and the synthesis of cam mechanisms, non-circular gear trains and linkages.
The effects of dynamic forces in machines; introduction to mechanical vibration. Transient forces. Static force analysis, dynamic force analysis, balancing, cam dynamics, dynamics of feedback systems.
Prerequisite: ME 13.
2 lectures, 3 hours laboratory.
Analysis and synthesis of machine elements. Factors affecting working stresses, fatigue, creep and impact considerations. Design of shafting, springs, screws, clutches, brakes and gears.
Prerequisite ME 21.
2 lectures, 2 hours laboratory.
Statistical considerations in factors of safety and tolerances. Effect of manufacturing errors on product performance.
Prerequisite: ME 22.
A second course in engineering dynamics. Topics: rocket and space dynamics, inertia tensor and Euler’s Equations, energy methods, gyroscopic motion, generalized co-ordinates and Lagrange Equations, vibrations.
Fundamentals of mechanical vibration. Forced, transient and non-linear vibrations. Numerical methods for multi-degree-offreedom systems. Continuous systems. Vibration isolation. Measurements of vibration. Use of models and the analogue computer.
The problems of incorporating human beings into engineering systems. The topics discussed are: the human visual, auditory and musculo-skeletal system, multiple sensory inputs, man-machine dynamics, environmental factors, human stress, group dynamics, and work-place design; the evaluation and testing of man-machine systems.
Nucleation and growth in metals. Diffusion and sintering. Fundamental aspects of condensed phase equilibria in binary metal systems. Dinary and ternary entectic phases. Non-equilibria in metal systems. Surface phenomena. Corrosion and oxidation in metals.
2 lectures.
Elasticity and plasticity of metals. Recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. Hardening mechanisms. Heat treatment of metals and alloys. Shear transformations. Failure in metals.
2 lectures.
For the initial part, the students will be required to perform assigned experiments which demonstrate common physical phenomena in Materials Science. For the remainder of the course, each student will be allowed to work on a small experimental project of his own choice which has been approved by the instructor.
3 hours laboratory
The crystallography of ionic and co-valent compounds. A study of the mechanical properties of single crystals and polycrystals. Properties of special ceramic materials.
Models of a plastically deforming metal; yield and flow. Analysis and mechanics of mechanical working operations. Patterns of flow, limiting factors; force, instability and temperature. Influence of processes on work piece properties. Applications to forging, drawing, extrusion, rolling, sheet-drawing and deep drawing. Modern developments: high velocity forming; chemical, electro-magnetic and spark discharge methods.
Mechanics of metal cutting operations. Geometrical force and energy analysis of single and multipoint tools, rotary cutters and grinding. Modern developments: electrochemical, spark discharge and ultrasonic methods. Machining economics.
Moulding from the liquid state. Review of applicable heat transfer and fluid flow theory. Influence of time in casting. Solidification time, freezing waves and riser design. Pouring time, fluidity, gating and running. Hot tears, distortion, shrinkage and residual stresses. Die casting: thermal balance, thermal stability, pressure pulse effects. Other casting methods.
44, Manufacturing Science V. Welding. Temperature distributions. Phase changes and solidification. Segregation, heterogeneity and weldability. Thermal and residual stresses. Residual plastic distortions and their occurrence in welded structures. Physics of the welding arc. Welding codes and industria) practice. Design of welded structures: Resistance welding. Fracture mechanics and failure of welds. Weld testing and non-destructive testing procedures.
Classification of processes. Influence of choice of materials on processes and of choice of processes on
Department of Mechanical Engineering
design. Process limitations; tolerances; influence of scale of manufacture. Economic considerations.
Interactions of design and manufacturing functions. Information flow, data specification.
Theory and practice of high precision mechanic measurements under strict control conditions—super micrometry; measurements by comparators; profilometry; surface profilography; environmental effects on measurements accuracy; theodolite techniques in the measurements of large structures; collimator applications in machine installation. Tolerances and quality control.
Introduction to heat transfer mechanisms. The formulation and solution of steady and transient heat conduction. Radiant heat transfer including exchange laws and view factors. Introductory convective heat transfer.
Emphasis on applications of thermodynamics to flow processes, real fluids, evaluation of state functions of real fluids.
Chemical equilibrium, multiconstituent fluid phases, additional topics in statistical thermodynamics, introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
Prerequisite: ME 54
Forced and free laminar and turbulent convection heat transfer in internal and external flows. Special topics selected from current applications.
Phenomenological description of flames of various types, flash back, blow off, inflammability limits, premixed flames, diffusion flames, burner design, flame holding, laminar flame theory, quasi-steady droplet burning theory (should be taken with ME 55).
Reciprocating SI and CI engines, gas turbines, jets, rockets. Orerequisite: ME 54
Steam power plants (conventional and nuclear), batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, thermionic conversion, thermoelectric conversion, MHD generators. Prerequisite: ME 54
Fundamental equations governing mechanical, electrical and fluid control system units. The analogy between systems parameters. Block diagram algebra, standard block-diagram representation. Steady state operation: correlation between engine and control element characteristics. Introduction to system transfer function, stability, and fluidics.
Analysis of fluid properties and fluid flow as they apply to the design and application of components comprising the fluid control system. Proportional, integral, derivative and hybrid type fluid control systems and examples. Energy transducers in fluid control systems: performance characteristics of various types of pump and fluid motor units and actuators.
Ideal fluids, Euler’s equations, integration along a streamline, continuity, stream function. Irrotational motion, source and sink potential, rectilinear vortex. Circulation, lift, Kutta-Joukowski theorem. Vortex motion, Helmholtz theorems, Biot-Savart law. Boundary layers in laminar flow, displacement and momentum thickness, momentum integral, boundary layer development. Introduction:to turbomachinery, dimensional analysis and momentum principles.
Performance characteristics, laws of modelling, classification and selection of turbemachines. Cavitation, suction specific speed. Compressible fluids, small stage efficiency, Laval nozzles. Energy transfer in pumps, compressors, and turbines. Cascade mechanics, blade design by thin airfoil theory. Three’ dimensional effects, energy losses.
Flow in ducts, furnaces, heat exchangers, reactors, etc. Air movements in and around buildings, wind loads. Cyclones and electrostatic dust precipitators, chimneys and chimney plumes. Atmospheric dispersion of pollutants.
Basic laws and concepts governing compressible fluid flow. Conservation laws. Laws of thermodynamics. Mach number. One-dimensional isentropic flow. Subsonic and supersonic flows. Flow through nozzles. Choking. Convergent-divergent nozzles. Normal shocks. Measurements of pressure, temperature, mass flow. Supersonic pitot tube. Oblique plane shocks and expansion waves. Duct flows.
Reynolds stresses, intensity and scale of turbulence. The “law of the wall,” logarithmic velocity profile and velocity defect laws, effects of roughness. Pressure loss in pipes and conduits. Jets and wakes. Atmospheric turbulence, effect of density stratification.
Airfoils in three dimensions, lifting surfaces. Aerodynamic interference of aircraft components. Stability and control of aeroplanes, missiles, etc. in flight at low and high speeds. Response of aircraft to turbulence.
Plane waves in air, sound intensity. Waves in three dimensions, monopole and multipole sources. Interference patterns, diffraction, acoustic impedance. Propagation of sound in the atmosphere and in the ocean. Reflection and absorption of sound waves. Physiological and architectural acoustics. Acoustical measuring instruments.
Designed to give the student personal experience in oral presentation of technical information. Also provides an opportunity for students to attend seminars on topics of interest presented by recognized workers in the field.
1 hour.
Engineering assignments requiring the student to demonstrate initiative and assume responsibility. Student activity is guided and coordinated by faculty supervisor. In selecting and assigning projects, particular account is taken of the student’s field of specialization. Projects, in general, involve technical disciplines beyond the strictly mechanical engineering field.
9 hours laboratory.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Graduate and Research Programmes
To be admitted to graduate studies in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, an applicant must have an excellent academic record from a recognized university, and must possess maturity and self-motivation. Furthermore, since close technical contact with a faculty member is an essential part of graduate education in engineering, no applicant can be admitted unless a faculty supervisor who specializes in the applicant’s desired area of research offers him a place in his research group. It is therefore important that the applicant indicate clearly in his application the area of research in which he wishes to be engaged. Active fields of research in which students may at present be accepted are listed and described in the calendar, and the departmental brochure. [t must be kept in mind, however, that the list is only intended as a guide since new topics are added frequently as the sphere of interest of the department expands.
A. Master’s Degree.
The core of the Master’s degree is a thesis whose content shall indicate a high level of scholarly research by the student into a topic related to his faculty supervisor’s area of research. Pursuit of the thesis will involve the student in an experimental or theoretical research programme or possibly a combination of both. Wherever possible the faculty member will attempt to arrange financial assistance for the student from his research grants, with such awards being made by the beginning of April. It is therefore essential that applications be complete by March | at the latest.
Candidates registered for an M.A.Sc. degree will be requested to give advance notice of their intention to submit a thesis, approximately three months before the estimated date of submission. At this time an assessor will be appointed to aid the candidate’s supervisor in evaluating the thesis. In most cases the assessor would be a member of the mechanical engineering department, except where some interdisciplinary research is involved.
The requirements for the award of a Master’s degree are: a) that the candidate obtains a pass in all prescribed subjects, comprising at least four one-semester courses of which two or more must be graduate courses, with an average of 66% or better; b) that his thesis be accepted. In certain special cases the thesis requirement may be satisfied by four additional one-semester courses and a research project of limited scope, but which contains a formal report.
B. The Doctor of Philosophy Degree.
This degree is awarded after the candidate has satisfied his supervising committee that his thesis is a substantial original contribution to knowledge and has also demonstrated a high degree of competence in areas of knowledge related to his specialization. The candidate will, to this latter end, take lectures and sit for examinations in a number of courses offered at the graduate level, according to a programme of studies approved by his supervising committee. Approximately at the end of his first year of residence as a Ph.D. candidate a comprehensive oral examination is administered by his supervising committee.
The mechanics of thesis topics selection is very much as described above. Students continuing for a Ph.D., after obtaining the M.A.Sc. at Waterloo, may often continue to work in the same area of specialization.
In order to be admitted to graduate study as a Ph.D. candidate an applicant must have demonstrated his ability to do original research in the course of his Master’s degree work. For this reason, should a graduate with a Master’s degree, obtained
without producing a research thesis desire to enter our Ph.D. programme, he would have to satisfy the Department that he is able to carry out independent research.
The supervising committee consists of the supervisor and four other members appointed on the advice of the supervisor. One of these is appointed from outside the university, another one from outside the department (often from Mathematics or Physics.)
Comprehensive Examination
The comprehensive examination should be conducted about one year, but in any case not later than 18 months, after the student has been admitted to the Ph.D. programme. In preparation for this examination the candidate will submit a written research proposal of between 2000 and 4000 words describing his problem and outlining his proposed method of attack. This proposal must be circulated to the members of the supervising committee not less than two weeks before the examination. The supervising committee, on the advice of the candidate’s supervisor, should examine: (a) The adequacy of the course of study being undertaken, (b} The performance of the student during his first year both in the coursework and in his research studies, (c) The proposal for a research programme as presented by the student and (d) His competence in being able to complete the work to the satisfaction of the committee. The main decision to be reached is whether the candidate should proceed with the work, but advice about taking additional graduate courses or about changing the emphasis in his research work may also be given.
Experiment on impact and vibrations in Engineering Mechanics laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Language Requirements.
The candidate must have an adequate knowledge of at least one foreign language as specified by the department. This requirement may be fulfilled either by direct language examination or by the completion of an approved language course with a final grade considered to be satisfactory. When the native tongue of a student is not English, its knowledge is not normally acceptable as satisfying the foreign language requirements, except when the native tongue is French, German or Russian.
Examination of the thesis: Regulations governing the submission and examination of the Ph.D. thesis are found in the section on “Graduate Studies” in the first part of the Calendar.
Graduate Course Descriptions
All courses listed consist of three lectures per week for one term, unless otherwise specified. Courses numbered in the 600’s are given regularly. Courses numbered in the 700’s are given only by special arrangement.
An extension of ME 13. Computing mechanisms, space mechanisms. Use of computers in synthesis and analysis. Four-bar linkage, coupler curves, path curvature. Euler-Savary equation, polode curvature. Numerical and graphical methods. Five-bar linkages.
Classification and estimation of errors. Smoothing of experimental data. Similitude and model laws. Analogue methods in experimental stress analysis. Electrical and mechanical strain gauges, transducers. Brittle coatings. Photoelasticity.
Review of test and design procedures. Creep under combined stress, creep buckling, thermal and high strain fatigue, fatigue life distribtuions, cumulative damage, fracture mechanics analysis of fatigue crack propagation and brittle fracture, transition temperature and brittle crack arrest.
Energy transmission in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Unsteady flow with elastic energy storage. Lumped and distributed-parameter transmission lines. Dynamic response of a fluid control system and stability criteria. Comparative analysis between hydraulic and pneumatic control operations. Analogies between electrical, mechanical and fluid systems. Analog computer simulation. Electro hydraulic servovalves. Non-linear effects in hydraulic system with inertial loading.
The student will be responsible for the formal presentation of two seminars and will be obliged to attend all the seminars given in this course.
One seminar will be given weekly.
This course is designed as an introduction to the fundamentals of Metallography, special optical techniques, X-Ray Microscopy and Microanalysis.
sion, compression shear and torsion. Elastic and plastic properties of single and polycrystals. Fracture. Internal friction. Applications to materials testing.
The classical theory of plasticity, with particular reference to forming processes. Elements of tensors, stress, strain, yield and flow; strain-hardening, anisotropy. Extremum principles, field theory, limit analysis. Impact and instability effects. Limiting conditions in forming operations. Time rate and temperature effects. Approximate technological theories; residual stresses.
Polymer processing. Review of applicable heat transfer and fluid fiow theory. Elements of polymer science and rheology. Non-Newtonian flow, viscometry. Influence of time in moulding. Injection moulding, screw extrusion, vacuum forming.
Structure and physics of monatomic and polyatomic molecules, spectroscopy-visible and infra-red, gas chromatography, statistical calculation of thermodynamic properties of molecules, bond energies and heats of formation, elements of kinetic theory of gases, elementary chemical kinetics, ionization and relaxation effects in gases, radiation from flames, atmospheric structure.
The theoretical description of common combustion processes such as laminar and turbulent premixed and diffusion flames, modelling of combustion processes, theory of ignition of solids and liquids, combustion instability, combustion in jet engines liquid propellant rockets, solid propellant rockets.
Use of tensor notation, Navier-Stokes and continuity equations, some exact solutions. Two dimensional boundary layer theory, laminar flow along flat walls and in “equilibrium” layers (Falkner-Skan equation) some approximate methods for non-equilibrium layers. Equations of motion with buoyancy term, energy equation, Reynolds analogy. The origin of turbulence, Orr-Sommerfeld equation, Tollmien-Schlichting waves.
Stochastic concepts, averages, correlation coefficients, autocorrelation functions, spectra. Space and time “scales” of turbulent fluctuations, energy dissipation in turbulence. Correlation and spectral tensors in three dimensions, isotropic forms. Equations of motion, spectral equation for isotropic turbulence. Universal equilibrium theory, the Kolmogoroff spectrum. Diffusion by continuous movements, ‘“‘absolute’’ and ‘‘relative” diffusion. Brief treatment of turbulence in shear flow.
Subsonic flows in two and three dimensions. Hodograph method. Supersonic flow in two dimensions with small perturbations. Airfoil design. Method of characteristics. Design of nozzles and diffusers. Linearized theory of hypersonic flow. Methods as applied to transonic flow.
Fundamental properties of ‘‘wave-like” motions in fluids, tidal waves in one-dimensional channels. Surface waves in deep water, phase velocity, dispersion relationship, group velocity. The equations of acoustics, ‘‘near field’ and ‘‘far field’ problems, ray theory. Wave propagation in I-2 and 3 dimenstons, in layered and in moving media. Gravity waves in stratified fluids. Second and higher order interactions, radiation stress.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Review of elementary boundary layer theory in laminar and turbulent flow. The development of turbulent boundary layers in arbitrary pressure gradients, application to internal and external flows. Boundary layers on axisymmetric bodies, three-dimensional or “skewed” boundary layers. Heat and mass transfer through boundary layers, effect of material properties on boundary layer behaviour.
Steady horizonta! motions in infinite fluids and in closed basins. Westward intensification, coastal jets in stratified fluids. Turbulent Ekman layers. Wavelike motions; seiches in closed basins, tides. Internal waves in stratified fluids. Rossby waves. Motion under unstable stratification, the Rayleigh problem, Benard cells. Problems of the air-water interface, wave generation by wind.
The testing and evaluation of mechanical systems. Product characteristics, reliability and long-life design. Hazards and safety consideration. Shock and vibration, environmental testing. Value engineering.
Analogs and models. Computers as a design tool. Design decision logic, design equations. Optimization. Legal restrictions, planning, economic considerations and decisions.
Valve configuration and valve controlled drive. Pressure-flow characteristics in hydraulic and pneumatic valves at constant pressure or at constant flow rate. Operating forces in steady state: axial and laternal. Transient forces and valve stability. Binding effects in spool valves. Jet-pipe valves. Design considerations. Pure fluid modulation and amplifying elements. Operating principles and applications of fluidics and fluerics.
Phase diagrams, homogeneous and heterogeneous, nucleation, diffusion, phase changes in metals and alloys. Diffusional growth processes, diffusional and shear transformations.
Description of simple and extended dislocations. Stress, strain and energy associated with single dislocations. Forces on and between dislocations. Dislocation-dislocation interactions cross slip and multiplication. Interactions with point defects. Applications in grain boundary theory.
This course will deal with the atomistic and thermodynamic interpretation of the fundamental properties of solids such as diffusion, solidification, surface properties and equilibrium in multicomponent systems.
Steady and transient heat conduction in isotropic media. Conduction in flowing media. Conduction in stagnant films with mass transfer. Heat conduction with phase change and moving boundaries. Problems of heat conduction in anisotropic media.
Summary of radiation between surfaces, view factors, emissivity measurements. Flame radiation, radiation from clouds of luminous particles. Gas radiation, calculation of flame emissivities based on flame spectroscopy. Optical temperature measurement.
Active Research Projects
The major subject areas of current research in the Department’ of Mechanical Engineering are.
Materials Science
Manufacturing Science
Solid Body Mechanics & Mechanical Design
Natural Fluid Dynamics
Combustion
Turbulent Flow in Boundary Layers and Ducts
Turbomachinery
Fluid Control Systems
Descriptions of the active projects in each area and a listing of publications resulting from them may be found in the brochure “Research in Engineering” published by the Faculty of Engineering.
Fundamental relationships for internal fluid flow with reference to stationary and rotating co-ordinate systems; vorticity and
circulation; compressible inviscid flow with swirl within axisymmetric passages; some effects of viscosity and turbulence.
Applications: One-, two- and three-dimensional analysis methods for compressible flow in turbomachines; flow in diffusers; secondary flows in stationary and rotating passages; some characteristics of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers.
Statistical quantities of interest in turbulent diffusion: Eulerian and Lagrangian probability distributions, averages, correlations, spectra. Specific prediction models for atmospheric and oceanic mixing
processes: diffusion in a homogeneous field and in a boundary layer. Effects of density stratification, buoyant movements.