37 courses in the 1965–66 Undergraduate Calendar, read from the scanned original. The text comes from OCR, so check the scanned page before relying on a detail.
Bravais lattices and Miller indices. Electronic, atomic, electron-atomic and quantum imperfections. Slip dislocations and twinning dislocations. Grain boundaries and domain walls. Shear transformations. Techniques for observing imperfections. Diffusion.
3 lectures.
An introductory course in nuclear reactor theory and design, isotope applications and fusion. Topics covered will include fission and the chain reaction, reactor principles, reactor components and materials, heat transfer, reactor design, uses of isotopes, applications of nuclear power and the fusion process. Radiation hazards and shielding.
3 lectures.
Theory of solidification of metals. Phases and special entectic forms. Elasticity and plasticity. Applications of plasticity in metal forming. Recovery, recrystallization, age hardening and heat treating of engineering alloys. Diffusionless transformations.
3 lectures.
The crystallography of ionic and co-valent compounds. A study of the mechanical properties of single crystals and polycrystals. Properties of special ceramic materials.
3 lectures.
Mechanical and physical requirements of materials used as fuels, moderators, shields and structural components in reactors. Special problems related to corrosion, radiation damage and high temperatures. Materials selection. Radioactive waste disposal.
2 lectures.
Elementary models of a plastically deforming metal; yield and flow. Analysis and mechanics of manufacturing operations; chip generation; mould forming; chipless forming; fabrication and assembly. Single and multi-point cutting tools. Variability. Influence of scale of manufacture.
2 lectures.
Theory and practice of high precision mechanical measurements under strict control conditions - super micrometry; measurements by comparators; profilometry; surface profilography; environmental effects on measurements accuracy; theodolite techniques in the measurements of large structures; collimator applications in machine installation; photography as a mensuration tool for moving (dynamic) conditions, stroboscopic measurements for frequency drift in rotating machinery.
2 lectures.
Introduction to heat transfer mechanisms. The formulation of heat transfer problems. Temperature distributions in solids under steady and transient heat conduction. Laminar forced convection, the use of boundary layer theory and the integral method for evaluating the heat transfer
coefficient. Laminar and turbulent free convection, empirical correlations and introductory analysis. Reynolds and Colburn analogies. 3 lectures, 3 hours laboratory, alternative weeks.
Review of the basic concepts and postulates of thermodynamics and the conditions for equilibrium. Reactive systems. An introduction to irreversible thermodynamics. Applications to selected engineering systems including direct conversion devices, gas turbines.
Prerequisite: GE 31.
2 lectures, 3 hours laboratory.
Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, velocity distribution function, simple theory of transport properties. Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, energy levels from classical and quantum mechanics. The partition function, evaluation of thermodynamic properties from partition functions with examples for gases, liquids and solids. Chemical equilibrum, equilibrium constants, the third law of thermodynamics. Fluctuations. Introduction to irreversible thermodynamics.
Prerequisite: GE 31.
3 lectures.
Forced convection in high-speed flow. Boiling and condensation. Ablation. Mass transfer in laminar and turbulent flows, empirical correlations and an introduction to analysis by the boundary-layer theory and by the integral approach. Radiation heat transfer, radiative properties, geometrical factors, analogue methods. Simple kinetic theory of transport properties.
Prerequisite: ME 53.
3 lectures.
Euler's equations for a perfect fluid, some examples of irrotational flow in two dimensions, sourcés and sinks, flow around immersed objects, Rankine bodies, Kelvin’s and Helmholtz’ theorems on circulation and vorticity, Kutta-Joukowski theorem. Some three-dimensional problems, induced drag, virtual mass. Boundary layer mechanics: laminar and turbulent separation, generation of circulation. Turbulent velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stresses. Displacement and momentum thickness. Momentum integral relationship, approximate methods of predicting boundary layer growth.
3 lectures.
Performance characteristics, laws of modelling, classification and selection of turbomachines. Cavitation, suction specific speed. Reynolds number and Mach number effects, small stage efficiency. Dynamic analysis of the energy transfer in the turbomachine, application to the principal types of pumps, compressors and turbines. Cascade mechanics.
3 lectures.
Foundations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. The introductory concepts of compressible fluid flow. Isentropic flow behaviour; normal and oblique shock waves. Flow in constant area ducts with friction and heat transfer. Generalized one-dimensional continuous flow.
3 lectures.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Reynolds stresses, intensity and scale of turbulence. The “law of the wall,” logarithmic velocity profile and velocity defect laws, effects of roughness. Pressure loss in pipes and conduits, skin friction in boundary layers, determination of profile drag. Free turbulence, jets and wakes. Atmospheric turbulence, effects of desity stratification.
3 lectures.
The problems of incorporating human beings into engineering systems. The topics discussed are: the human visual, auditory and musculo-skeletal system, multiple sensory inputs, man-machine dynamics, environmental factors, human stress, group dynamics, and workplace design; the evaluation and testing of man-machine systems.
3 lectures.
Designed to give the student personal experience in oral presentation of technical information. Also provides an opportunity for students to attend seminars on topics of interest presented by recognized workers in the field.
1 hour.
Engineering assignments requiring the student to demonstrate initiative and assume responsibility. Student activity is guided and co-ordinated by faculty supervisors. In selecting and assigning projects, particular account is taken of the student's field of specialization. Projects, in general, involve technical disciplines beyond the strictly mechanical engineering field.
9 hours laboratory.
Graduate and Research Programmes
A. The Master’s Degree. Two types of Master’s degree are awarded in mechanical engineering: one based on a research thesis, type R, supplemented by some course work, the other based entirely on course work or “scholarship”, type S.
Master’s degree by course work: Type S in intended mainly for the student entering after some years in industry to bolster his technical background. Part-time or full-time co-operative graduate students may be particularly interested in this degree. The requirements for the degree consist of not less than 8 one-semester courses which must be passed with an average of 66% or better. The courses are selected with a view to ensuring that the student becomes a competent specialist in a certain branch of engineering science. Areas of specialization in which a Master’s degree, type S, is offered are, at present.
1) Materials Science
2) Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 3) Fluid dynamics
4) Manufacturing Technology
A student desirious of entering this programme is advised to consult the coordinator of the area of specialization in which he is interested. Course work programmes for the degree are drawn up by the co-ordinator in consultation with the student.
No financial assistance, in the form of teaching or research fellowship is offered to candidates working toward a Master’s degree, type S.
The Master’s degree, type S, is regarded as a terminal qualification and it is not normally contemplated to admit a graduate having this degree to our Ph.D. programme.
Master’s degree by research work: The Master’s degree, type R, may, on the other hand, also be regarded as the first year of a coherent three-year course of study toward the Ph.D. degree. However, this is not intended to mean that such is the exclusive purpose of a type R Master’s degree: many students may wish to proceed no further than this degree. Also from the University’s point of view the M.A.Sc. is a complete qualification and students attaining it are not necessarily admitted to further study toward a Ph.D. degree, but only if they have demonstrated the required ability to carry out independent fundamental research.
In a field of applied science such as mechanical engineering the heart of any graduate work, excepting the Master’s degree, type S, described before, involves a thesis project with substantial experimental content. The freshly registered graduate student interviews several faculty members active in research in a field of possible interest to him and chooses a thesis project with the concur-— rence of some faculty member who will then act as his supervisor. Normally such a faculty member also arranges financial support for the graduate student with the aid of externally obtained research grants. For this reason it is difficult to arrange such financial support before the student’s arrival on the campus. The choice of the thesis project is an important decision, because a later change in the student’s field of research usually entails loss of time. Active fields of research in which students may at present be accepted are listed and described in the departmental research brochure. It must be kept in mind, however, that the list is only intended as a guide since new topics are added frequently as the sphere of interest of the faculty expands while some projects are completed or abandoned.
Once a thesis project has been chosen, a suitable programme of course work to support the research work is agreed upon between the student and the supervisor. When approved by the Faculty of Graduate Studies, this programme, together with the thesis project, constitutes the official set of requirements for obtaining the degree sought by the student.
Candidates registered for an M.A.Sc. degree, type R, will be requested to give advance notice of their intention to submit a thesis, approximately three months before the estimated date of submission. At this time an assessor will be appointed to aid the candidate’s supervisor in evaluating the thesis. In most cases the assessor would be a member of the mechanical engineering department, except where some interdisciplinary research is involved.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The official set of requirements for the award of a Master’s degree, type R, are: (a) that the candidate obtains a pass in all prescribed subjects (b) that his thesis be accepted.
B. The Doctor of Philosophy Degree. This degree is awarded after the candidate has satisfied his supervising committee that his thesis is a substantial original contribution to knowledge and has also demonstrated a high degree of competence in areas of knowledge related to his specialization. The candidate will, to this latter end, take lectures and sit for examinations in a number of courses offered at the graduate level. Approximately at the end of his first year of residence as a Ph.D. candidate a comprehensive oral examination is administered to him by his supervising committee.
The mechanics of thesis topic selection is very much as described under the Master’s degree and very often a candidate proceeds from study for a Master’s degree type KR, to Ph.D. work in the same area of specialization. In order to be admitted to graduate study as a Ph.D. candidate he must have demonstrated his ability to do original research in the course of his Master’s degree work. For this reason, should a graduate with a Master’s degree, obtained without producing a research thesis, desire to enter our Ph.D. programme, he would have to satisfy the Department that he is able to carry out independent research. To this end he would at first be registered as a candidate for an M.A.Sc. degree, with research thesis. After one year his case would be reviewed and if he would have demonstrated the required ability to carry out independent
research he would be permitted to change his registration to Ph.D. candidacy with credit, meaning that his course of study would have the minimum length of two academic years counted from his registration for an M.A.Sc. degree with research thesis. In other words, one year of residence would be credited to him towards the total of three required to obtain a Ph.D. degree, on the strength of his course-work type Master’s degree as is ordinarily done if the Master’s degree involves a research thesis.
The supervising committee of 5 consists of the supervisor and four other members appointed on the advice of the supervisor. One of these is usually appointed from outside the university, another one from outside the department (often from Mathematics or Physics).
Comprehensive Examination: Comprehensive examinations will normally be held in September, approximately 12 months after the candidate has embarked on his Ph.D. programme. It will be an oral examination and will be administered by the supervising committee, except that the external assessor may be replaced by a member of the university faculty. On the basis of the examination, the committee will decide whether.
a) The scholarly competence of the candidate in his chosen field of specialization and in closely related fields is adequate.
b) The candidate should be instructed through his supervisor to extend his reading of specified fields or even to take further specific courses.
c) The candidate is so lacking in competence in his chosen field that his registration as a Ph.D. candidate should be terminated.
Language Requirements: The candidate must have an adequate knowledge of at least one foreign language as specified by the department. This requirement may be fulfilled either by direct language examination or by the completion of an approved language course with a final grade considered to be satisfactory. When the native tongue of a student is not English, its knowledge is not normally acceptable as satisfying the foreign language requirements, except when the native tongue is French, German or Russian.
Examination of the Thesis: Upon completion of the research the candidate shall be required to submit four typed copies of the final draft of his thesis to the supervising committee. The thesis shall be read by each of the members of the Committee. One copy of the four shall be filed with the Graduate Studies office for three weeks and be available for all members of the faculty of the University of review. Recommendations of the readers of the thesis shall be in one of four categories.
a) Acceptance as submitted. b) Acceptance with minor modifications as noted
¢) Conditional acceptance with major modifications usually requiring a resubmission
d) Complete rejection
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Public Presentation: The candidate shall give a public presentation of his thesis before a colloquium held by his major department. This public delivery shall be well advertised in advance throughout the University and possibly at nearby institutions. Although this shall not be construed as an examination, an adequate time shall be allowed for questions from the floor.
Graduate Course Descriptions (All one semester courses)
605, Kinematics II. An extension of ME 13. Computing mechanisms, space mechanisms. Use of computers in synthesis and analysis. Four-bar linkage, coupler curves, path curvature, Euler-Savary equation, polode curvature. Numerical and graphical methods. Five-bar linkages.
Brief survey of propulsion, celestial mechanics, astronomy and astrophysics of the solar system. Energy conversion in space. Electric propulsion and fundamentals of magnetohydrodynamics. Reentry dynamics, ablative heat protection, trajectory analysis. Optimum thrust and steering programmes. Lunar trip. Summary of experimental results on geophysics, cosmic radiation, the earth’s atmosphere. Materials for space.
625, Experimental Mechanics. Classification and estimation of errors. Smoothing of experimental data. Similitude and model laws. Analogue methods in experimental stress analysis. Electrical and mechanical strain gauges, transducers. Brittle coatings. Photoelasticity.
631, Fluid Power Control Systems. Review of fluid mechanics with applications to value controlled systems and fluid jet control devices. Characteristics of system fluids and components. Computer simulation, design of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
Bond theory. Fermi levels, dia-para and ferro magnetism. Theoretical and experimental studies of dislocations. Structure and behaviour of polycrystalline metals.
Review of basic crystallography. Dislocation theory with special reference to non-metallic substances. Properties and influence of point defects. Ductility, fatique and fracture phenomena. Surface effects. Mechanical properties of special single crystal polycrystals and polyphase materials.
The classical theory of plasticity, with particular reference to forming processes. Elements of tensors, stress, strain, yield and flow; strain-hardening, anisotropy. Extremum principles, field theory, limit analysis. Impact and instability effects. Limiting conditions in forming operations. Time rate and temperature effects. Approximate technological theories; residual stresses.
644, Manufacturing Properties of Materials. Welding, casting and treatment processes, with reference to the following: Phase relations, equilibrium diagrams, solubility. Liquids: fluidity, wetting solidification in single and multiphase materials, segregation and heterogeneity. Solids: defects, anisotropy.
thermally activated processes, diffusion. Elasticity and plasticity of single and multiphase solids. Strain hardening, recovery and recrystallization. Time and temperature effects; thermal shock. Fracture. Surface phenomena, friction, lubrication, adhesion, oxdiation, spark erosion.
2 lectures.
Modular design vs. composite design; multiple purpose design vs. special function design; tooling design as a parameter in machine tool design; machine tool efficiency analysis by percentage time of cutter contact; effect of climb compensation on tooling costs; three dimensional development by elective etching and tape control. Discussions of actual problems in machine tool applications in Canadian industry.
Interactions of alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation, and fission products with matter. Nature and kinetics of damage and recovery in solids and liquids. Uses of radiation and radioactive materials in industry and research. Detection techniques.
3 lectures.
Steady and transient heat conduction in isotropic media. Conduction in flowing media. Conduction in stagnant films with mass transfer. Heat conduction with phase change and moving boundaries. Problems of heat conduction in anisotropic media.
Summary of radiation between surfaces, view factors, emissivity measurements. Flame radiation, radiation from clouds of luminous particles. Gas radiation, calculation of flame emissivities based on flame spectroscopy. Optical temperature measurement.
A survey of the equations of heat, mass, and momentum transfer in a fluid. Examples of similarity. Evaluation of transport properties, kinetic theory of ideal gases, Chapman-Enskog theory, introduction to kinetic theory of liquids. Transport properties in turbulent flow. Introductory kinetics of evaporation and condensation. The transport of small particles of condensed phase in a fluid. Radiative energy transport, the absorption of radiation in a fluid.
Review of combustion thermodynamics. Combustion of premixed gases, detonations. Laminar and turbulent diffusion flames. Combustion in flow systems, flame holders. Heterogeneous combustion, solid fuels, liquid droplets. Combustion of metals. Ignition and flame spread. Applications of the theories to furnaces, gas turbines, reciprocating I-C engines, and rocket motors.
Irrotational motion in two dimensions: the “direct” and “inverse” problems of airfoil and channel design, solution by the singularity method. Application of complex variable theory, solutions of problems by conformal mapping. Problems involving free streamlines. Threedimensional problems, spherical harmonics. General solutions with distributed sources and distributed vorticity. Momentum and energy theorems, motion of immersed objects. Unsteady airfoil theory.
Stress tensor, rate of strain tensor, Navier-Stokes equations. Some exact solutions. Creeping Flow. Boundary layer equations. Falk-
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ner-Skan similarity solutions. Momentum and energy integral equations, approximate methods. Effects of buoyancy, heat transfer and compressibility. Three-dimensional boundary layers. Stability of laminar flow, the origin of turbulence.
Thin airfoil theory and its application to blade design. Three-dimensional problems, radial equilibrium, actuator disk theory, secondary currents. Boundary layers in cascades and on annulus walls. Physics of cavitation: inception and growth of cavities, mechanism of damage.
Stochastic averages, methods of measurement of fluctuating quantities. Homogeneous turbulence models, velocity correlations and spectra, energy dissipation. Kolmogoroff’s theory of local isotropy. The structure of turbulence in shear flow, intermittency. Transport phenomena in turbulent flow, “absolute” and “relative” diffusion, effects of scale. Applications to pipe and boundary layer flow, jets, wakes, atmospheric and oceanic turbulence. The generation of aerodynamic noise in shear layers and boundary layers.
Two-dimensional subsonic flow with small perturbations: hodograph and other methods of solution. Two dimensional supersonic flow with small perturbations: the method of characteristics. Oblique shocks. Transonic flow: linearized theory, hodograph method and method of characteristics. Hypersonic Flow.
Fundamental concepts of fluid flow and wave motion. The equation of wave motion and list of solutions. Water waves: Theory of tidal waves, surface waves and capillary waves. Inertial and elastic waves: inertance, capacitance, impedance of pipes, waterhammer equations, surge effects. Plane and spherical acoustic waves, near and far field equations, wave propagation in stratified media. Blast waves in atmosphere and underwater, dynamic blast loads.
Basic equations, one dimensional unsteady compressible flow. Pressure and rarefaction waves: the method of characteristics. Wave reflection and transmission. Flow with discontinuities. Flow with friction and heat transfer. Shock tube theory.
Active Research Projects
Materials Science.
In one project a plasma torch is used, which is an electric discharge maintained in a controlled atmosphere, in this case of Argon gas. Very high temperatures (up to 30,000°C) may be maintained in the plasma torch with the aid of which, in the precisely controlled atmosphere surrounding the torch, single crystals of ceramic materials may be induced to grow.
Four projects are under way in the area of the plasticity of single crystals. In one the occurrence of stable dislocation walls between blocks of material
slipped on different systems is being studied. In particular the strain rate dependence of the interactions involved and the lattice rotation resulting from the formation of the wall, or kink boundary, are being investigated. In another project photoelastic techniques are being employed to investigate the internal stress patterns resulting from different slip modes in deformed beams of transparent ionic single crystals. The preparation of crystals with clean surfaces is under way and the influence of surface cleanliness on plastic and fracture behaviour is being studied in another project. The fourth project is concerned with the influence of slip direction as opposed to dislocationdislocation or dislocation-point defect interactions on observed work hardening rates in single crystal beams which have one active slip system, the orientation of which is controlled relative to beam geometry.
A project is planned in the area of the plasticity of polycrystalline ceramic materials of very high density. Research in the area of the design of two phase materials and the optimization of desired properties in such materials is expected to be underway soon.
Fluid Power Control Systems.
One active project in this area is a theoretical and experimental investigation of a hydraulic control spool valve. The flow of hydraulic fluid through a spooltype valve may be highly unstable, resulting in erratic operation of the system in which it is the chief control element. It is the purpose of the investigation to study the flow and to determine methods by which the instability may be alleviated.
Other projects planned in this area include an experimental investigation of fluid jet control valve and of a submerged jet impinging normally on an eccentric orifice..
Combustion and Heat Transfer.
Several projects are under way in combustion and heat transfer. One is a study of the combustion of liquid fuel droplets above the critical pressure of the fuel. Of particular interest here are the transient effects associated with phase change in a non-equilibrium compressed liquid-dense gas system.
Two further projects are concerned with the combustion of metals. One deals with the effect of electric fields on the vapour-phase combustion of Mg and Al and on the subsequent behaviour of the oxide smoke. The other is a study of radiant and convective heat transfer from a metal-powder flame to an immersed solid surface.
An investigation of one phenomenon occurring in solid-propellant rocket motors is being undertaken in a subliming-solid simulator. The purpose of the study is to examine the acoustical stability of a cavity at whose walls a solid-gas phase change is taking place.
Research is now being started in the area of forest fires. The first project is the study of flame spread in a combustible layer on an arbitrary surface. Later
Department of Mechanical Engineering
studies will examine time-temperature histories of tree trunks exposed to ground fires, thermal radiation properties of leaves and barks, and models of flame spread in crown fires. Field work will become an important part of this study. The research into forest fires is being planned as a project involving members of both the Biology and Mechanical Engineering departments.
Nuclear Engineering.
The development of reactor and economic models for the optimization of power reactor operation; and the control of reactor stability under perturbations in the xenon-poison load using analog and digital models, are two aspects of nuclear engineering research which make use of the University of Waterloo computing facilities. Experimental work includes the study of heat conduction and. removal in fuel elements and of the properties of some materials used in nuclear fuel elements.
Turbomachinery.
The object of the research projects in this field is the investigation of fundamental fluid flow phenomena in turbomachinery components. The project at present under way is the study of the generation of secondary flows in a rotating passage of a centrifugal impeller. The initial stage will use fiow visualization techniques to study the flow pattern with water as the working fluid. Improved analysis and design techniques for impellers should be the eventual result of this project. Further projects planned for the near future include investigation of radial diffuser flow and skewed boundary layers.
Air Pollution.
One project is entitled “Atmospheric Dispersal of Heavy Particles” and is concerned with the rate of spread of dust clouds emitted from chimneys. In the experimental work, glass microspheres are blown into the atmosphere at the top of a 60 foot mast and collected on adhesive tape exposed in a grid pattern surrounding the mast. The glass spheres can be identified under a misroscope and counted. Another project is concerned with the rise of a hot smoke plume: owing to their buoyancy, hot gases from a chimney rise to some height before dispersing.
Work on the Great Lakes.
Turbulence and Diffusion. Flourescent dye released at a point-source may be detected in very low concentrations and enables a study of mixing processes to be made.
Internal waves. During summer the lakes become stratified, a warm, relatively light surface layer lying on top of a colder and heavier mass below. The interface, the “thermocline”, behaves much like a free surface (air/water interface) in that wave motions may be observed on it.
Lake currents. Winds and atmospheric pressure disturbances produce a variety of complicated current patterns. These are investigated using “drogues,” i.e., two metal sheets assembled at 90° so as to offer a high drag and attached to small surface floats.
Surface waves. Spectra of waves and associated subsurface orbital movements are observed by a variety of techniques. The ultimate purpose of these activities is to increase our knowledge of the Great Lakes environment in connection with pollution, water supply, marine construction, problems, etc.
Aerodynamic Noise.
The turbulence of the flow at the exit of a nozzle is responsible for the noise of jet engines. In order to understand the physical mechanism by which noise suppressors work, the turbulence at the exit from an open jet windtunnel is disturbed by extraneous vortices and the details of the changes are observed. The work involves the use of some extensive hot-wire anenometry equipment experimentally, and is supported by theoretical work concerning the “source terms” in the acoustics equation, generated by the turbulence of the flow.
Manufacturing Technology.
Research in this field is concerned primarily with applied plasticity, and limiting conditions in mechanical forming operations. Typical projects presently the subject of study include: (1) Instability of forming processes in a pressurized atmosphere. (2) Limiting conditions in deep drawing. (3) Bulge forming in a pressurized atmosphere. (4) Interstand detection of buckles in cold rolled strip.
Music
Prerequisite: Gr. XIII Music or the equivalent, and consent of the instructor. 3 lectures.