86 courses in the 1971–72 Undergraduate Calendar, read from the scanned original. The text comes from OCR, so check the scanned page before relying on a detail.
Notes
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty listed in 1971–72
Associate Professor Chairman of E. Brundrett, B.S.A. (O.4.C), B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. Ph.D. (Toronto) the Department Professor §. A. Alpay, Dipl. Ing., Dr. Ing. (Berlin) Professor T.A. Brzustowski, B.A.Sc. (Toronto, A.M., Ph.D. (Princeton) Professor Associate Chairman D.J. Burns, B.S., Ph.D. (Bristol) Graduate Studies Professor G.T. Csanady, Dipl Ing. (Munich), Ph.D. (New South Wales) Professor H.L. Evans, B.Sc., M.Sc. (Wales), D.ILC., Ph.D. (London) Professor G.F. Pearce, B.A.Sc. (British Columbia) M.A.Sc. (Toronto) Associate Professor G.M. Bragg, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Cambridge) Associate Professor M.B. Danard, B.A.Sc. (British Columbia), M.A. (Toronto) Ph.D. (Chicago) Associate Professor R.N. Dubey, B.Sc. (Hons) (Patna), B.Sc. (Eng.) (Bihar) Ph.D. (Waterloo) Associate Professor D.C. Ferguson, B.A.Sc. (Toronto) Associate Professor D. French, B.Sc., C. Eng. Associate Professor A.M. Hale, B.Sc., M.A. (New Brunswick), B.A.Sc. (Toronto) M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Waterloo) Associate Professor C.E. Hermance, B.E. (Yale), M.A., M.S.E., Ph.D. (Princeton) Associate Professor J.H.G. Howard, B.Sc. (Queen’s), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birmingham) tairman, Undergraduate Studies Associate Professor W.M. Mansour, B.Sc. (Cairo), M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Associate Professor H.R. Martin, B.Sc., M.Sc. (Queen’s Belfast) Ph.D. (Nottingham) Associate Professor W.B. Nicoll, SM. (M.IT.) , Engineer (Stanford) Ph.D. (London) Associate Professor P. Niessen, B.Sc. (McMaster), M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Associate Professor K.R. Piekarski, Dipl Ing. (London) Ph.D. (Cambridge) Associate Professor A. Plumtree, B.Se., Ph.D. (Nottingham) Visiting Associate Professor J.M. Richards, B.Sc. (London), B.Sc. (Spec. Hon) (London), Ph.D. (London) Associate Professor R.F. Scrutton, B.Sc, M.Sc. (Melbourne) Associate Professor R. Skarecky, Ing. (Prague), C.Sc. (Brno) Associate Professor D.M.R. Taplin, B.Sc. (Aston), D.Phil (Oxford) Associate Professor M.M. Yovanovich, B.Sc. (Queen's), M.S. (Buf), M.E., Sc.D. (MIT) Assistant Professor K.G.T. Hollands, B.A.Se. (Toronto), Ph.D. (McGill) Assistant Professor H.W. Kerr, B.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Assistant Professor J.T. Kessel, B.Sc. N.T. Dipl. Tech. (Witwatersrand), B.Ed (Cape Town) Assistant Professor T.A. Ledwell, B.Eng., M.Eng. (Nova Scotia,) Ph.D. (Waterloo) Assistant Professor W.K. Luk, D.C. (London), (Dipl. of Hong Kong Tech. College), Ph.D. (Waterloo) Assistant Professor J. Moss, B.Sc. (Western), Ph.D. (McMaster) Assistant Professor R.J. Pick, B.A.Sc. (British Columbia), M.S. (Imperial College, London), Ph.D. (Waterloo) Visiting Assistant Professor R. Sowerby, B.Sc. (Imperial, London), M.Sc. (U.M.LS.T., Ph.D. (U.M.LS.T) Assistant Professor A.B. Strong, B.A.Sc. (Waterloo), M.Sc. (Imperial College, London), Ph.D. (Waterloo) Assistant Professor H.F. Sullivan, B.A.Sc. (Waterloo), A.M., Ph.D. (Princeton) Assistant Professor T.M.L. Wigley, B.Sc., B.Sc., (Hons. Math. & Phys.), Ph.D. (Adelaide) Research Associate J.M. Stuart, B.Sc. (Brown) Lecturer K.G. Adams, B.Sc. (Queen’s), M.A.Sc. (Waterloo) Lecturer G.C. Andrews, B.4.Sc. M.A,Sc. (British Columbia) Lecturer J.D. Malcolm, B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. (Waterloo) Special Lecturer C.J. Beingessner, B.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (Toronto) Special Lecturer R.G.R. Lawrence, QC. Special Lecturer U.H. Mohaupt, B.A.Sc. (Waterloo)
Adjunct Professor Adjunct Professor Laboratory Director
Details of the undergraduate programme in Mechanical Engineering are to be found on page 62. All courses extend over one term only, and consist of 3 hours of lectures per week unless otherwise specified. The hours of the core courses are listed on page 62.
In general, the only prerequisites are the core courses, unless otherwise specified.
Undergraduate Course Descriptions
Infinite series: Tests for absolute, conditional, uniform convergence; power series; series expansions; differentiation and integration. Partial differentiation: total derivatives; estimation of errors; chain rule; geometry; maxima and minima; Taylor series; Jacobians. Multiple integration: areas, centroids, moments of inertia, centres of gravity. Vector analysis: gradient, divergence, curl, Laplacian; integral theorems.
Frequency distributions; measures of central tendency; standard deviation and other measures of dispersion; moments, skewness, kurtosis. Probability. Binomial, Poisson, normal, multinomial distributions. Theory of sampling and statistical estimation. Tests of hypotheses; significance. The t-test and chi-squared test. Curvefitting by least squares. Correlation and regression. Analysis of variance. Experimental design.
First and simple higher order equations. Solution of linear equations. Solution of linear equations by various methods; equations transformable to linear form. Simultaneous equations. Laplace transforms. Series solutions. Fourier series.
A survey of numerical procedures with emphasis upon computer implementation using the Fortran 4 programming language. In particular, the following topics are covered: Intropolation, curve fitting, solution of non-linear equations, numerical integration, numerical solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, matrix algebra and solution of systems of linear equations, and problems in the solution of partial differential equations.
Generalized and unified dynamic concepts, physical laws governing dynamic systems. Laplace transform review and the transfer functions. Mathematical models and block diagrams for physical systems. Dynamics of first and second order systems due to deterministic inputs. Analogies among mechanical, electrical, fluid and thermal systems. Linear flow graph and Mason’s rule. Analog computer simulation. Stability from the pole zero configuration.
An introduction to the kinematics of particle and rigid body motion. Impulse-momentum equations. Work-energy methods and Euler’s equations. Simple gyroscopes. Vibrations.
Introduction to relativistic mechanics. Fundamentals of quantum mechanics based on Schroedinger equation. Applications to the hydrogen atom and atomic systems. Concepts of nuclear physics and their applicatons.
An analytical treatment of statics and resistance of materials. Equilibrium of particles, rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Vector fields. Bay systems. Introduction to stress and strain. Stress-strain relationships. Elastic and inelastic behaviour of prismatic members subjected to axial, shearing, torsional and flexural deformations.
A general treatment of the behaviour of structural components from the study of stress and strain in solids. Topics include super-position, energy theorems, theories of failure, elastic and inelastic analysis of unsymmetrical bending, shear centre, torsion of circular members, columns and stability, and virtual work.
Principles of the geometry of motion. Uniform and non-uniform motion, linkages, gears, cams. Synthesis and analysis of mechanisms. Consideration of the dynamic forces in machines. Gyroscopic torque. Vibration analysis, response to shock, motion and force transmissibility, vibration isolation.
Analysis and synthesis of machine elements. Factors affecting working stresses, fatigue, creep and impact considerations. Design of shafting, springs, screws, clutches, brakes and gear. Principles of lubrication.
Elasticity, anelasticity plasticity, fracture, creep, fatigue, strengthening mechanisms, electrical, magnetic and optical properties.
Elasticity and plasticity of metals. Recovery, recrystallization and growth. Hardening mechanisms. Heat treatment of metals and alloys. Shear transformations. Failure in metals.
This course is designed to acquaint students with experimental techniques in Materials Science. For the initial part, the students will be required to perform assigned experiments which demonstrate common physical phenomena. For the remainder of the course, each student will work on a small experimental project.
Models of a plastically deformed metal; yield and flow. Analysis and mechanics of mechanical working operations. Patterns of flow, limiting factors; force, instability and temperature. Influence of processes on work-piece properties. Applications to forging, drawing, extrusion, rolling, sheet-drawing and deep drawing. Modern developments: high velocity forming; chemical, electromagnetic and spark discharge methods.
Mechanics of metal cutting operations. Geometrical force and energy analysis of single and multipoint tools, rotary cutters and grinding. Modern developments: Electromechanical, spark discharge and ultrasonic methods. Machining economics.
43 Manufacturing Science 4
45 Manufacturing Science 6
46 Manufacturing Science 7
47 Analysis and Design of Manufacturing Systems.
49 Metrology
50 Thermodynamics
51 Fluid Mechanics 1
52 Air Conditioning.
53 Heat Transfer 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering 365
Moulding from the liquid state. Review of applicable heat transfer and fluid flow theory. Influence of time in casting. Solidification time, freezing waves and riser design. Pouring time, fluidity, gating and running. Hot tears, distortion, shrinkage and residual stresses. Die casting; thermal stability, pressure pulse effects. Other casting methods.
Manufacturing for design engineers. Classification of processes. Influence of choice of materials on processes and of choice of processes on design. Process limitations; tolerances; influence of scale of manufacture. Economic considerations. Interactions of design and manufacturing functions. Information flow, data specification.
Introduction to polymer processing for mechanical engineers. Elements of poylmer science; plastics as a design material. Screw extrusion; elements of non-Newtonian flow and viscometry. Injection moulding. Parameters of polymer conversion operations and their estimation.
Product design and development, planning and layout of manufacture, quantitative aspects - unit, batch and flow production; qualitative aspects - dimensional control, quality control; inspection and test organization. The closed loop control concept of a manufacturing system. Product range and mix and their effect on facility layout. Principles of mass and flow production. Line balancing. Design analysis and evaluation techniques of facility layout. Design and analysis of factory buildings and services. Economic considerations.
Theory and practice of high precision mechanic measurements under strict control conditions—super micrometry; measurements by comparators; profilometry; surface profilogrphy; environmental effects on measurements accuracy; theodolite techniques in the measurements of large structures; collimator applications in machine installation. Tolerances and quality control.
The scope and limitations of thermodynamics. Macroscopic approach to energy work and the First Law. The fundamental energy equation. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, principle of increase of entropy, limiting cycle efficiences, criteria for equilibrium. Introduction to statistical thermodynamics and the microscopic description of energy, work and the First Law. Thermodynamic potentials.
Physical properties of fluids and fundamental concepts in fluid mechanics. Hydrostatics. Conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy. Flow similarity and dimensional analysis as applied to engineering problems in fluid mechanics. Laminar and turbulent flow. Engineering applications such as flow measurment, flow in pipes and fluid forces on moving bodies.
Thermodynamic properties of moist air; psychrometric charts; humidity measurements; direct water contact processes; heating and cooling of moist air by extended surface coils; solar radiation; heating and cooling of loads on buildings; effects of the thermal environment; air conditioning calculations; air flow in and around buildings, diffusers. Prerequisites: ME 54
Introduction to heat transfer mechanisms. The formulation and solution of steady and transient heat conduction. Radiant heat transfer including
54 Thermodynamics 2
55 Refrigeration Engineering.
56 Heat Transfer 2
58 Internal Combustion Engines
59 Energy Conversion
60 Control Theory 1
62 Fluid Mechanics 2
64 Industrial Fluid Mechanics
69 Introduction to the Environmental Sciences
82 Mechanical Engineering Projects
90 Engineering Physics
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Emphasis on applications of thermodynamics to flow processes, real fluids, evaluation of state functions of real fluids. Thermodynamic analysis of selected devices.
Methods of refrigeration, refrigerants and their thermodynamic properties, vapour compression systems; actual cycles, simple and complex; survey of refrigeration applications such as preservation of food by quick freeze and long term deep freeze techniques; cooling load calculations; calculation of thermal capacities of components such as evaporators, compressors and condensors; refrigerant controls; piping and accessories; defrost methods; miscellaneous processes, cryogenics. Prerequisite: ME 54
Forced and free laminar and turbulent convection heat transfer in internal and external flows. Special topics selected from current applications.
Reciprocating SI and CI engines, gas turbines, jets, rockets. Prerequisite: M.E. 54.
Steam power plants (conventional and nuclear), batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, thermionic conversion, thermoelectric conversion, MHD generators.
Prerequisite: M.E. 54.
Modes of control and errors of systems. Stability criteria. Root locus methods. Analysis and synthesis using Bode, Nichols and Nyquist plots. Boolean algebra, switching circuits and function logic. Applications to fluid control and mechanical systems.
Ideal fluids, equations of motion, vorticity, irrotation flow, velocity potential, stream function, complex potential for fundamental flows. Electrical analogy, applications of potential theory. Circulation and lift. Vortex motion, vortex theorems, Biot-Savart law. Viscous fluids, Navier-Stokes equations. Boundary layers in laminar flow, displacement and momentum thickness, momentum integral. Boundary layer growth.
Flow in ducts, furnaces, heat exchangers, scrubbers, reactors, etc.; gas cleaning by removal of gaseous and particulate constituents; gas handling equipment; atmospheric dispersion of pollutants; wind loading on buildings and structures; wind tunnel modelling.
Composition and structure of the atmosphere and oceans. Thermodynamics of moist air. Hydrostatic equation. Stability. Winds and Currents on a Rotating Earth. Gradient, geostrophic and inertial flow. Vertical variation of wind, convection, thermals, plumes, basic diffusion theory-coastal currents, gulf stream, tides, internal waves.
Engineering assignments requiring the student to demonstrate initiative and assume responsibility. Student activity is guided and co-ordinated by faculty supervisor. In selecting projects, particular account is taken of the students’ field of specialization. Projects, in general, involve technical disciplines beyond the strictly mechanical engineering field.
9 hours laboratory.
Physical optics; waves as energy carriers, interference and diffraction.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
radiation by atoms and molecules. Nuclear physics; nuclear structure, binding energy, nuclear reactions. Solid state physics; statistical distribution laws, molecular binding, band theory.
The rights and responsibilties of the engineer as a citizen of Ontario and Canada under the law; brief history of Canadian law differentiating between Civil and Criminal Law, the rights and duties of citizens and police, a review of Domestic Law, Real Estate Law, Landlord and Tenant Law. The law as it may pertain to the engineer in his profession, brief reviews of the Law of Contracts, Patents, Trade marks, industrial design, and copy-right, Bills of Exchange, Company Law, incorporation of companies, Common and Preferred shares, the Law of Master and Servant, surveying law, Constitutional Law, Private International Law, and other topics.
Technical specialties in Mechanical Engineering, discussion of options in Mechanical Engineering curriculum, seminars on technical topics in the various options. 1 hour, non-credit.
ME 400Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 3 01 Partial Differential Equations
Research frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, specific discussion of research done at Waterloo, seminars by members of research groups. I hour, non-credit.
Modelling physical systems with distributed parameters. Boundary and initial conditions. Division into hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic equations by means of discriminant. Characteristics. Separation of variables; eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Orthogonality. Fourier series, gamma functions. Bessel and Legendre equations. Numerical solution of Laplace and diffusion equations. Analogue simulation techniques.
Review of fundamental relations. Complex functions and their derivatives. Transformations. Analytic functions; Cauchy-Reimann equations; singular points. Complex integration and integral theorems. Theory of residues. Conformal mapping. Various engineering applications.
Principles of optimum design of machine elements; minimum cost, minimum weight, maximum power, etc. Statistical considerations in factors of safety and tolerances. Effect of manufacturing errors on product performance. Introduction to value engineering and reliability. Prerequiste: M.E. 22.
Fundamentals of mechanical vibration. Forced, transient and nonlinear vibrations. Numerical methods for multi-degree-of-freedom systems. Continuous systems. Vibration isolation. Measurements of vibration. Use of models and the analogue computer.
Analysis of stress and strain in three dimensions, plates and shells, stress functions, plastic stress-strain concentrations. Residual stress, thermal and creep. Energy methods.
Nucleation and growth in metals. Diffusion and sintering. Fundamental aspects of condensed phase equilibria in binary metal systems. Binary and ternary eutectic phases. Non-equilibria in metal systems. Surface phenomena. Corrosion and oxidation in metals.
Introductory survey of the organic chemistry of polymers. Morphology of amorphous and crystalline polymers. Rheological and structural models of the behaviour of polymers under load. The effects of environmental variables on the mechanical properties of polymers. Reinforced polymers. Adhesives. Electrical and optical properties of polymers.
The crystallography of ionic and co-valent compounds. A study of the mechanical properties of single crystals and polycrystals. Properties of special ceramic materials.
Welding. Temperature distributions. Phase changes and solidification. Segregation, heterogencity and weldability. Thermal and residual stresses. Residual plastic distortions and their occurrence in welded structures. Physics of welding arc. Welding codes and industrial practice. Design of welded structures. Resistance welding. Fracture mechanics and failure of welds. Weld testing and nondestructive testing procedures.
ME 548Numerical Control of Machine Tools 1 S49 Analysis of Design of Machine Tools
Introduction to Boolean Algebra. Realization of logic functions using bistable devices. Sequential control circuits. Data storage and processing. Basic requirements of a Numerically Controlled System. Analysis of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools and their effect on the performance of the servo-drive system. Data preparation. Programming for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Advantages and economics of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools.
This subject presents to the students both static and dynamic problems associated with machine tools and their effect on the accuracy and efficiency of manufacture. The prediction of natural frequencies of Machine Tool elements. Iterative methods for the determination of natural frequencies. Machine tool chatter. Testing of machine tool vibrations by sweep and random methods. An introduction to statistical methods as applied to vibrations of complex structures. Factors affecting the stiffness of machine tool structures, effects of relative stiffness on accuracy, friction characteristics of slideways. Hydrostatic bearings.
Chemical equilibrium, multiconstituent fluid phases, additional topics in Statistical thermodynamics, introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
Choice of instrumentation system, sensing effects and conversion elements. Generalized treatment of instrument dynamics. Instrumentation amplifiers, synthesis of network for signal conditioning. Examples of techniques used in the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature. Measurement of position, velocity and acceleration. Signal generators, frequency and transient response measurements. A.M. and F.M. systems. Statistical methods for system evaluation. Introduction to signal theory.
Properties of hydraulic fluids. Design and function of conventional hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. Characteristics of flow and pressure control valves. Speed control in fluid power circuits. Design and performance of pumps and fluid motors. Design of pump sets. Hydrostatic and hydrokinetic transmission systems. Principles of sealing, filtration and heat control in hydraulic circuits. Industrial applications of fluid power systems.
Introduction to nonlinear system: phase plane and describing functions. State space analysis. Introduction to systems with random inputs. Auto and cross-correlations, and the optimum filter theory.
Performance characteristics, laws of modelling, classification and selection of turbomachines. Cavitation, suction specific speed. Compressible fluids, small stage efficiency, Laval nozzles. Energy transfer in pumps, compressors, and turibnes. Cascade mechanics, blade design by thin air-foil theory. Three-dimensional effects, energy losses.
Sensors and instrumentation used in monitoring body parameters. Response of the body to various actions. Transfer functions and reaction times. Characteristics of blood flow. Mathematical models of pulmonary, cardiovascular and optical systems. Use of computers in modelling and data analysis. Application of automatic control principles to artificial limbs and other aids. Use of fluidics and fluid power devices to aid body functions.
Basic laws governing flow of a compressible fluid. Velocity of sound; properties of supersonic flow. Mach number, Mach angle and Mach cone. Distinctions between incompressible, subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows. Formulas, charts and tables relating to isentropic flows. Applications to one-dimensional flow through ducts, nozzles and diffusers. Formula, tables and charts for normal shocks. Applications. Oblique shock waves. Calculations of two-dimensional supersonic flows. Calculation of lift and drag for supersonic airfoils.
Kinematics and dynamics of fluid flow; vorticity and circulation; vortex dynamics; theorems of Kelvin and Helmholtz and Biot-Savart law. Potential theory with circulation; Kutta-Joukowski theorem. Theory of infinite wing; effects of angle of attack, camber and profile shape on lift. Thin airfoil theory; aerodynamic devices for improving performance. Finite subsonic wing; downwash and induced drag. Stability and control! of airplanes. Theory of supersonic wing; aerodynamic problems of supersonic flight.
Plane waves in air, sound intensity. Waves in three dimensions, monopole and multipole sources. Interference patterns, diffraction, acoustic impedance. Propagation of sound in the atmosphere and in the ocean. Reflection and absorption of sound waves. Physiological and architectural acoustics. Acoustical measuring instruments.
Hydrodynamic equations of motion on a rotating earth, Geostrophic balance in the atmosphere and oceans, vertical variation of wind and pressure fields in the atmosphere, mechanisms of pressure change, vorticity equation.
Nature and sources of air pollution, chemical and biological aspects, effects on health and environment. Physical aspects of the atmosphere, thermodynamics, vertical variation of wind and temperature, stability, convection, atmospheric turbulence, diffusion equations, plumes, thermals, jets in stratified flow, radioactive plumes, particulate dispersion, instrumentation (micrometeorlogical), air pollution control techniques and equipment monitoring instrumentation.
This course will deal with a number of topics from the broad spectrum of engineering problems in the aquatic environment. Subjects discussed may include: structures (open, solid, floating, submerged), vehicles (surface, substructure, bottom) and shore processes. Treatment of the phenomena and the particular properties of the medium which make its solution of engineering problems in this area more challening will be treated (mainly) from the descriptive point of view. Usually a seminar and/or essay will be an important part of the course work-load.
A study of available components, their specifications, use and limitations. A number of industrial design projects will be carried out by limited numbers of students. Guest speakers from industry are invited to this course.
Graduate and Research Programmes
To be admited to graduate studies in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, an applicant must have an excellent academic record from a recognized university, and must possess maturity and self-motivation. Furthermore, since close technical contact with a faculty member is an essential part of graduate education in engineering, no applicant can be admitted unless a faculty supervisor who specializes in the applicant’s desired area of research offers him a place in his research group. It is therefore important that the applicant indicate clearly in his application the area of research in which he wishes to be engaged. Active fields of research in which students may at present be accepted are listed and described in the caJendar, and the departmental brochure. It must be
A. Master’s Degree
B. The Doctor of Philosophy Degree
Comprehensive Examination
Department of Mechanical Engineering 371
new topics are added frequently as the sphere of interest of the department expands.
The core of the Master’s degree is a thesis whose content shall indicate a high level of scholarly research by the student into a topic related to his faculty supervisor’s area of research. Pursuit of the thesis will involve the student in an experimental or theoretical research programme or possibly a combination of both. Wherever possible the faculty member will attempt to arrange financial assistance for the student from his research grants, with such awards being made by the beginning of April. It is therefore essential that applications be completed by March 1 at the latest.
Candidates registered for an M.A.Sc. degree will be requested to give advance notice of their intention to submit a thesis, approximately three months before the estimated date of submission. At this time an assessor will be appointed to aid the candidate’s supervisor in evaluating the thesis. In most cases the assessor would be a member of the mechanical engineering department, except where some interdisciplinary research is involved.
The requirements for the award of a Master’s degree are: a) that the candidate obtains a pass in all prescribed subjects, comprising at least four one-semester courses of which two or more must be graduate courses, with an average of 66% or better; b) that his thesis be accepted. In certain special cases the thesis requirement may be satisfied by four aditional one-semester courses and a research project of limited scope, requiring a formal report.
This degree is awarded after the candidate has satisfied his examining committee that his thesis is a substantia] original contribution to knowledge and has also demonstrated a high degree of competence in areas of knowledge related to his specialization. The candidate will, to this latter end, take lectures and sit for examinations in a number of courses offered at the graduate level, according to a programe of studies approved by his supervising committee. Approximately at the end of his first year of residence as a Ph.D. candidate a comprehensive oral examination is administered by his supervising committee.
The mechanics of thesis topics selection is very much as described above. Students continuing for a Ph.D., after obtaining the M.A.Sc. at Waterloo, may often continue to work in the same area of specialization.
In order to be admitted to graduate study as a Ph.D. candidate an applicant must have demonstrated his ability to do original research in the course of his Master’s degree work. For this reason, should a graduate with a Master's degree obtained without producing a research thesis desire to enter our Ph.D. programme, he would have to satisfy the Department that he is able to carry out independent research.
The examining committee consists of the supervisor and four other members appointed on the advice of the supervisor. One of these is appointed from outside the university, another one from outside the department (often from Mathematics or Physics).
The comprehensive examination should be conducted about one year, but in any case not later than 18 months, after the student has been admitted to the Ph.D. programme. In preparation for this examination the candidate will submit a written research proposal of between 2000 and 4000 words describing his problem and outlining his proposed method of attack. This proposal must be circulated to the members of
tha onenerinin a 22-2 lee 4 Pee ate
Examination of the Thesis
Department of Mechanical Engineering
supervisor, should examine: (a) The adequacy of the course of study being undertaken, (b) The performance of the student during his first year both in the course-work and in his research studies, (c) The proposal for a research programme as presented by the student and (d) His conpetence in being able to complete the work to the satisfaction of the committee. The main decision to be reached is whether the candidate should proceed with the work, but advice about taking additional graduate courses or about changing the emphasis in his research work may also be given.
Regulations governing the submission and examination of the Ph.D. thesis are found in the section on “Graduate Studies” in the first part of: the Calendar.
Graduate Course Descriptions
All courses listed consist of three lectures per week for one term, unless otherwise specified. Courses numbered in the 600’s are given regularly. Courses numbered in the 700’s are given only by special arrangement.
An extension of ME 21. Computing mechanisms, space mechanisms. Use of computers in synthesis and analysis. Four-bar linkage, coupler curves, path curvature. Euler-Savary equation, polode curvature. Numerical and gtaphical methods. Five-bar linkages.
Mathematical preliminaries; co-ordinate transformations, introduction to tensors, tensor fields and transformations, integral theorems. Analysis of deformation; deformation tensors and rates of deformation tensors and their mechanical significance, convecting and rotating axes. Analysis of stress; definition of stresses and their physical significance, rates of stresses, objective stress rates. Fundamental laws, conservation of mass, momentum and energy, thermodynamics of a continuous media. Constitutive equations. Rheology.
Review of test and design procedures. Creep under combined stress, creep buckling, thermal and high strain fatigue, fatigue life distributions, cumulative damage, fracture mechanics, analysis of fatigue crack propagation and brittle fracture, transition temperature and brittle crack arrest.
The topological approach: Phase trajectories and singular points. Relay operated servomechanisms and optimum switching. Limit cyles and the jump phenomena. Exact and asymptotic methods. The point transformation. The Kryloff and Bogoliuboff method of autonomous and non-autonomous systems. The Ritz, average method and harmonic balance. Duffing’s interaction and Poincare perturbation. The describing function and compensation techniques as applied to fluid systems. The dual in-put describing function. Liapunov and Mathieu stability criteria. Applications to fluid power, mechanical and management control systems.
Characteristics of control valves, including steady state and transient operating forces. Two stage valves. Matching of control valves to electrical actuating devices. Servo amplifier characteristics. Analysis of fluid control systems in open and closed loop configurations. Effects of non-linearities; cavitation, flow forces and small amplitude response. Methods of analog and digital simulation.
Energy conversion and transmission in hydraulic and pneumatic control systems. Unsteady flow with elastic energy storage. Dynamic response characteristics of fluid transmission lines with distributive mass and compliance. Lumped-parameter approximation. Electro-hydraulic and electro-pneumatic analogies with particular reference to a.c. behaviour, a.c. hydraulic. Digital hydraulic actuating systems.
Fundamentals of metallography, special optical techniques, principles of quantitative microscopy. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescent macro- and micro-analysis. Electron microscopy
This course will deal with the atomistic and thermodynamic interpretation of the fundamental properties of solids such as diffusion, solidification, surface properties and equilibrium in multicomponent systems.
Stress-strain relationships in tension, compression and shear. Elastic, anelastic and plastic properties of single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates. Fracture, Applications to materials testing.
The classical theory of plasticity, with particular reference to forming processes. Elements of tensors, stress, strain, yield and flow; strain-hardening, anisotropy. Extremum principles, field theory, limit analysis. Impact and instability effects. Limiting conditions in forming operations. Time rate and temperature effects. Approximate technological theories; residual stresses.
Polymer processing. Review of applicable heat transfer and fluid flow theory. Elements of polymer science and rheology. Introduction to cartesian tensors; application to non-newtonian flow. Viscometry. Influence of time in moulding. Screw extrusion, injection moulding, vacuum forming and film operations.
Digital computer programming for numerically controlled machine tools. Design of post processor programmes for generalized computer programmes for numerically controlled machine tools. Design of technology programmes for numerically controlled machine tools. Organization and managements aspects of numerical control.
Strain distributions in orthogonal chip formation; temperatures in chip formation; dynamic plasticity; tool wear and machinability; mechanics of chip formation, stresses, chip curl, bluntness and cutting forces; mechanics of scraping and grinding, design of surgical instruments; machining of brittle materials.
Structure and physics of monatomic and nolvatamic moleculec
Department of Mechanical Engineering
calculation of thermodynamic properties of molecules, bond energies and heats of formation, elements of kinetic theory of gases, elementary chemical kinetics, ionization and relaxation effects in gases, radiation from flames.
The theoretical description of common combustion processes such as laminar and turbulent premixed and diffusion flames, modelling of combustion processes, theory of ignition solids and liquids, combustion instability, combustion in jet engines, liquid propellant rockets, solid propellant rockets.
Use of tensor notation. Navier-Stokes and continuity equations, some exact solutions. Two dimensional boundary layer theory, laminar flow along flat walls and in “equilibrium” layers (Falkner-Skan equation) some approximate methods for non-equilibrium layers. Equations of motion with buoyancy term, energy equation, Reynolds analogy. The origin of turbulence, Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Tollmein Schlichting waves.
Stochastic concepts, averages, correlation coefficients, auto-correlation functions, spectra. Space and time “‘scales” of turbulent fluctuations, energy dissipation in turbulence. Correlation and spectral tensors in three dimensions, isotropic forms. Equations of motion, spectral equation for isotropic turbulence. Universal equilibrium theory, the Kolmogoroff spectrum. Diffusion by continuous movements, “absolute” and “relative” diffusion. Brief treatment of turbulence in shear flow.
Subsonic flows in two and three dimensions. Hodograph method. Supersonic flow in two dimensions with small perturbations. Airfoil design. Method of characteristics. Design of nozzles and diffusers. Linearized theory of hypersonic flow. Methods as applied to transonic flow.
Fundamental properties of “wave-like” motions in fluids, tidal waves in one-dimensional channels. Surface waves in deep water, phase velocity, dispersion relationship, group velocity. The equations of acoustics, “near field” and “far field” problems, ray theory. Wave propagation in 1-2 and 3 dimensions, in layered and in moving media. Gravity waves in stratified fluids. Second and higher order interactions, radiation stress.
Review of elementary boundary layer theory in laminar and turbulent flow. The development of turbulent boundary layers in arbitrary pressure gradients, application to internal and external flows. Boundary layers on axisymmetric bodies, three-dimensional or “skewed” boundary layers. Heat and mass transfer through boundary layers, effect of material properties on boundary layer behaviour.
Steady horizontal motion in infinite fluids and in closed basins. Westward intensification, coastal jets in stratified fluids. Turbulent Ekman layers. Seiches in closed basins, internal waves in stratified fluids. Rossby waves. Motion under unstable stratification, the Rayleigh problem, Benard cells, turbulent thermals and plumes.
ME 669Numerical Studies in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Numerical methods, time integration of hydrodynamical equations of motion on a rotating earth, numerical weather prediction, computation of selected other physical processes in the atmosphere (e.g. long-wave wadtiatinn’
ME 670Advanced Differential Equations and Special Functions.
General linear second order ordinary differential equations. Hypergeometric functions, confluent hypergeometric functions. Legendre and Bessel functions. Orthogonality, generating functions, asymptotic expansions, integral relations. Hermite, Legendre, Laguerre and other orthogonal polynomials. Advanced Fourier series; Laplace, Fourier and other integral transforms. Problems from heat transfer and geophysical fluid dynamics.
Behaviour of systems, system response, weighting function, transfer function. Duhamel’s integral. Principles of dynamics, strain energy virtual work, variational principle, Lagrange’s equation. Discrete systems, eigenvalue problem, natural mode of vibration, solution of the characteristic determinant, approximate methods of solution. Continuous systems, formulation of the boundary value problem, vibration of rods and membrances, Rayleigh’s energy method, Rayleigh-Ritz method, Galerkin’s method.
The testing and evaluation of mechanical systems. Product characteristics, reliability and long-life design. Hazards and safety consideration. Shock and vibration, environmental testing, Value engineering.
Characteristics of fluidic logic devices. The correlation between the structure of flow in a fluidic element and its logic function. Fluid implementation of logic circuits. Synthesis of Fluidic Control Systems and analysis of fluid network. Indentification methods of fluidic functions. Analog fluid control Systems.
Valve configuration and valve controlled drive. Pressure-flow characteristics in hydraulic and pneumatic valves at constant pressure or at constant flow rate. Operating forces in steady state: axial and lateral. Transient forces and valve stability. Binding effects and cavitation in spool valves. Jet-pipe valves. Analytical background of design considerations. Pure and hybrid fluid modulation and amplifying elements.
Study, investigation and discussion under the supervision of a faculty member, of current literature and research papers in fluid control systems presented in recent conferences and meetings.
Factors contributing to the property “ductility”. Plastic instability, work hardening, strain-rate sensitivity. The mechanism of ductile-rupture and effect of materials variables. Intergranular embrittlement and cleavage. The ductile/brittle transition. Superplasticity and intergranular cavitation fracture during creep and fatigue.
Phase diagrams, homogenous and heterogenous nucleation, diffusion, phase changes in metals and alloys. Diffusional growth processes, diffusional and shear transformations.
Fibrous, lamellar and particle reinforced composites. The effect of combinations of brittle and ductile phases on the mode of deformation of an aggregate. The reinforcing mechanism of continuous and discontinuous fibres. Fracture and energy absorbing characteristics of composite materials.
Simple and extended dislocations. Stress, strain and energy associated with single dislocations. Forces on and between dislocations. Dislocation-dislocation interactions, cross slip and multiplication. Interactions with point defects. Applications in grain-boundary theory, plasticity, recovery recrystallization and fracture.
Atomistic and thermodynamic interpretation of the fundamental properties of solids such as diffusion, solidification, surface properties and equilibrium in multicomponent systems.
Optimizing programmes for on-line computer control of manufacture. Design of interface elements. Sampled data systems and their relationship to on-line control of machine tools and manufacturing units. Computer programmes for design of machine tools and associated elements.
Application of Boolean Algebra to switching and logic functions. Minimization function, simplification methods. Matrices with Boolean functions. Pneumatic and hydraulic circuit design for automatic systems. Data storage and processing. Automatic feed devices, transfer machines, warehousing, counting and batching systems. Design for automatic assembly. On-line computer control of automatic systems.
ME 749Metallurgy and Plasticity in Metal Fabrication
Basics, Viscoplasticity. Thermodynamics of plastic flow (including dislocation dynamics). Structure of rolled sheet, design of welded products. Metallurgy of forgings, extrusions and wire products. Mechanics of piercing and stamping. Friction and wear.
ME 750Thermal Aspects of Metal Manufacturing Processes.
Thermodynamics of plastic flow in metals, thermal plastic instability. Thermal residual stresses, and accompanying shape distortion. Thermal conduction aspects of plastic friction boundary layers with and without heat generation - extrusion, forging cutting. Temperature distributions in extrusion grinding, machining. Melting accompanying thermal plastic flow. Thermal aspects of solidification in welding puddles. Radiation heat losses from surfaces, theory of metal heat treatment (furnace treatments). Theory of solar furnaces.
Steady and transient heat conduction in isotropic media. Conduction in flowing media. Conduction in stagnant films with mass transfer. Heat conduction with phase change and moving boundaries. Problems of heat conduction in anisotropic media.
Derivation of the general energy equation. Parameters required for determination of heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flows. Fully numerical solutions, exact solutions, and approximate solutions for internal and external flows. Problems involving frictional heating, property variations and mass injection at the wall will be considered. If interest is indicated special topics such as heat transfer by boiling, condensation and evaporation will be discussed.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
particles. Gas radiation, calculation of flame emissivities based on flame spectroscopy. Optical temperature measurement.
This course constitutes an introduction to methods of obtaining approximate, analytical solutions to various typical, non-linear, ordinary and partial differential equations. Methods to be discussed include integral approximations, several types of weighted residual techniques, and asymptotic methods, including matched “inner” and “outer” expansions. Examples will be obtained primarily from electrical, chemical and aero-thermodynamic processes.
Fundamental relationships for internal fluid flow with reference to Stationary and rotating co-ordinate systems; vorticity and circulation; compressible inviscid flow with swirl within axisymmetric passages; some effects of viscosity and turbulence. One-, two- and three-dimensional analysis methods for compressible flow in turbomachines; flow in diffusers; secondary flows in stationary and rotating passages; some characteristics of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers.
ME 762Turbulent Diffusion in the Natural Environment
Statistical quantities of interest in turbulent diffusion: Eulerian and Lagrangian probability distributions, averages, correlations, spectra. Specific prediction models for atmospheric and oceanic mixing processes: diffusion in a homogeneous field and in a boundary layer. Effects of density stratification, buoyant movements. .
Energy balances at the earth-atmosphere boundary, wind flow and turbulent heat and mass transfer over homogeneous surfaces, wind flow around obstacles, atmospheric pollution, local weather modification.
Thermodynamics of moist air, formation of precipitation, solar and terrestrial radiation, energy equations, scale analysis of equations of motion, geostrophic adjustment, available potential energy, the general circulation, barotropic and baroclinic instability.
Rotating viscous flow models of oceanic circulation. Spin-up problems. Shear layers. Dynamics of the stratified ocean. Theory of internal waves, their generation and propagation. Problems of hydrodynamic stability relevant to oceanography. Wave generation by the wind.
The major areas of current research in the Department of Mechanical Engineering are: Materials Science Manufacturing Science Solid Body Mechanics & Mechanical Design Natural Fluid Dynamics Combustion Turbulent Flow in Boundary Layers and Ducts Turbomachinery Fluid Control Systems Bio-Engineering
8 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Descriptions of the active projects in each area and a listing of publications resulting from them may be found in the brochure “Research in Engineering” published by the Faculty of Engineering.
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Professor and Director of the School Professor
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Associate Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
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